Feature selection environment for genomic applications

<p>Abstract</p> <p/

Electrochemical Characterization of an Optical Fiber Laser- Treated Biomaterial

The implant manufacturing process includes texturization to enhance its adhesion and marking the final products for their identification, long-term quality control and traceability. Marking is carried out after cleaning and prior to sterilization. These marks eventually can concentrate stress leading to premature failure. The marked areas are defective regions that affect the passive film formed on the metallic biomaterials used for implants favoring the onset of various corrosion types, such as pitting, crevice or fatigue. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a Yb optical fiber laser marking processes used for metallic implants on the localized corrosion resistance of the austenitic stainless steel ISO 5832-1. This is one of the most used materials for manufacturing implants. The electrochemical behavior of the marked areas obtained by this method was evaluated in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution with pH of 7.4 and the results were compared with unmarked samples. All tested surfaces were prepared according to the recommendations for the use in surgery. For localized corrosion resistance evaluation, electrochemical tests such as monitoring the open circuit potential (OCP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic potentiodynamic polarization measurements were performed. The results showed that the laser marks affect the protector characteristics of the biomaterial’s passive film. Lower pitting resistance was associated to the laser marked areas

The activity of a Hexameric M17 Metallo-Aminopeptidase is associated with survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most prevalent human pathogens causing millions of deaths in the last years. Moreover, tuberculosis (TB) treatment has become increasingly challenging owing to the emergence of multidrug resistant M. tuberculosis strains. Thus, there is an immediate need for the development of new anti-TB drugs. Proteases appear to be a promising approach and may lead to shortened and effective treatments for drug-resistant TB. Although the M. tuberculosis genome predicts more than 100 genes encoding proteases, only a few of them have been studied. Aminopeptidases constitute a set of proteases that selectively remove amino acids from the N-terminus of proteins and peptides and may act as virulence factors, essential for survival and maintenance of many microbial pathogens. Here, we characterized a leucine aminopeptidase of M. tuberculosis (MtLAP) as a cytosolic oligomeric metalloaminopeptidase. Molecular and enzymatic properties lead us to classify MtLAP as a typical member of the peptidase family M17. Furthermore, the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin strongly inhibited MtLAP activity, in vitro M. tuberculosis growth and macrophage infection. In murine model of TB, bestatin treatment reduced bacterial burden and lesion in the lungs of infected mice. Thus, our data suggest that MtLAP participates in important metabolic pathways of M. tuberculosis necessary for its survival and virulence and consequently may be a promising target for new anti-TB drugs

Predictors of HBeAg status and hepatitis B viraemia in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis B in the HAART era in Brazil

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>HBV-HIV co-infection is associated with an increased liver-related morbidity and mortality. However, little is known about the natural history of chronic hepatitis B in HIV-infected individuals under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) receiving at least one of the two drugs that also affect HBV (TDF and LAM). Information about HBeAg status and HBV viremia in HIV/HBV co-infected patients is scarce. The objective of this study was to search for clinical and virological variables associated with HBeAg status and HBV viremia in patients of an HIV/HBV co-infected cohort.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed, of HBsAg-positive HIV-infected patients in treatment between 1994 and 2007 in two AIDS outpatient clinics located in the São Paulo metropolitan area, Brazil. The baseline data were age, sex, CD4 T+ cell count, ALT level, HIV and HBV viral load, HBV genotype, and duration of antiretroviral use. The variables associated to HBeAg status and HBV viremia were assessed using logistic regression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 86 HBsAg patients were included in the study. Of these, 48 (56%) were using combination therapy that included lamivudine (LAM) and tenofovir (TDF), 31 (36%) were using LAM monotherapy, and 7 patients had no previous use of either one. Duration of use of TDF and LAM varied from 4 to 21 and 7 to 144 months, respectively. A total of 42 (48. 9%) patients were HBeAg positive and 44 (51. 1%) were HBeAg negative. The multivariate analysis revealed that the use of TDF for longer than 12 months was associated with undetectable HBV DNA viral load (serum HBV DNA level < 60 UI/ml) (<it>p </it>= 0. 047). HBeAg positivity was associated with HBV DNA > 60 UI/ml (p = 0. 001) and ALT levels above normality (<it>p </it>= 0. 038).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Prolonged use of TDF containing HAART is associated with undetectable HBV DNA viral load. HBeAg positivity is associated with HBV viremia and increased ALT levels.</p

Hexapoda Yearbook (Arthropoda: Mandibulata: Pancrustacea) Brazil 2020: the first annual production survey of new Brazilian species

This paper provided a list of all new Brazilian Hexapoda species described in 2020. Furthermore, based on the information extracted by this list, we tackled additional questions regarding the taxa, the specialists involved in the species descriptions as well as the journals in which those papers have been published. We recorded a total of 680 new Brazilian species of Hexapoda described in 2020, classified in 245 genera, 112 families and 18 orders. These 680 species were published in a total of 219 articles comprising 423 different authors residing in 27 countries. Only 30% of these authors are women, which demonstrates an inequality regarding sexes. In relation to the number of authors by species, the majority of the new species had two authors and the maximum of authors by species was five. We also found inequalities in the production of described species regarding the regions of Brazil, with Southeast and South leading. The top 10 institutions regarding productions of new species have four in the Southeast, two at South and with one ate North Region being the outlier of this pattern. Out of the total 219 published articles, Zootaxa dominated with 322 described species in 95 articles. The average impact factor was of 1.4 with only seven articles being published in Impact Factors above 3, indicating a hardship on publishing taxonomic articles in high-impact journals.The highlight of this paper is that it is unprecedent, as no annual record of Hexapoda species described was ever made in previous years to Brazil.Fil: Silva Neto, Alberto Moreira. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; BrasilFil: Lopes Falaschi, Rafaela. Universidade Estadual do Ponta Grossa; BrasilFil: Zacca, Thamara. Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional; BrasilFil: Hipólito, Juliana. Universidade Federal da Bahia; BrasilFil: Costa Lima Pequeno, Pedro Aurélio. Universidade Federal de Roraima; BrasilFil: Alves Oliveira, João Rafael. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; BrasilFil: Oliveira Dos Santos, Roberto. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; BrasilFil: Heleodoro, Raphael Aquino. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; BrasilFil: Jacobina, Adaiane Catarina Marcondes. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Somavilla, Alexandre. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; BrasilFil: Camargo, Alexssandro. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; BrasilFil: de Oliveira Lira, Aline. Universidad Federal Rural Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Sampaio, Aline Amanda. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; BrasilFil: da Silva Ferreira, André. Universidad Federal Rural Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Martins, André Luis. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Figueiredo de Oliveira, Andressa. Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul; BrasilFil: Gonçalves da Silva Wengrat , Ana Paula. Universidade do Sao Paulo. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz; BrasilFil: Batista Rosa, Augusto Henrique. Universidade Estadual de Campinas; BrasilFil: Dias Corrêa, Caio Cezar. Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro. Museu Nacional; BrasilFil: Costa De-Souza, Caroline. Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi; BrasilFil: Anjos Dos Santos, Danielle. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; ArgentinaFil: Pacheco Cordeiro, Danilo. Instituto Nacional Da Mata Atlantica; BrasilFil: Silva Nogueira, David. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; BrasilFil: Almeida Marques, Dayse Willkenia. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; BrasilFil: Nunes Barbosa, Diego. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Mello Mendes, Diego Matheus. Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá; BrasilFil: Galvão de Pádua, Diego. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; BrasilFil: Silva Vilela, Diogo. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Gomes Viegas, Eduarda Fernanda. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; BrasilFil: Carneiro dos Santos, Eduardo. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Rodrigues Fernandes, Daniell Rodrigo. Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia; Brasi

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Feature selection and intrinsically multivariate prediction in gene regulatory networks identification

Seleção de características é um tópico muito importante em aplicações de reconhecimento de padrões, especialmente em bioinformática, cujos problemas são geralmente tratados sobre um conjunto de dados envolvendo muitas variáveis e poucas observações. Este trabalho analisa aspectos de seleção de características no problema de identificação de redes de regulação gênica a partir de sinais de expressão gênica. Particularmente, propusemos um modelo de redes gênicas probabilísticas (PGN) que devolve uma rede construída a partir da aplicação recorrente de algoritmos de seleção de características orientados por uma função critério baseada em entropia condicional. Tal critério embute a estimação do erro por penalização de amostras raramente observadas. Resultados desse modelo aplicado a dados sintéticos e a conjuntos de dados de microarray de Plasmodium falciparum, um agente causador da malária, demonstram a validade dessa técnica, tendo sido capaz não apenas de reproduzir conhecimentos já produzidos anteriormente, como também de produzir novos resultados. Outro aspecto investigado nesta tese é o fenômeno da predição intrinsecamente multivariada (IMP), ou seja, o fato de um conjunto de características ser um ótimo caracterizador dos objetos em questão, mas qualquer de seus subconjuntos propriamente contidos não conseguirem representá-los de forma satisfatória. Neste trabalho, as condições para o surgimento desse fenômeno foram obtidas de forma analítica para conjuntos de 2 e 3 características em relação a uma variável alvo. No contexto de redes de regulação gênica, foram obtidas evidências de que genes alvo de conjuntos IMP possuem um enorme potencial para exercerem funções vitais em sistemas biológicos. O fenômeno conhecido como canalização é particularmente importante nesse contexto. Em dados de microarray de melanoma, constatamos que o gene DUSP1, conhecido por exercer função canalizadora, foi aquele que obteve o maior número de conjuntos de genes IMP, sendo que todos eles possuem lógicas de predição canalizadoras. Além disso, simulações computacionais para construção de redes com 3 ou mais genes mostram que o tamanho do território de um gene alvo pode ter um impacto positivo em seu teor de IMP com relação a seus preditores. Esta pode ser uma evidência que confirma a hipótese de que genes alvo de conjuntos IMP possuem a tendência de controlar diversas vias metabólicas cruciais para a manutenção das funções vitais de um organismo.Feature selection is a crucial topic in pattern recognition applications, especially in bioinformatics, where problems usually involve data with a large number of variables and small number of observations. The present work addresses feature selection aspects in the problem of gene regulatory network identification from expression profiles. Particularly, we proposed a probabilistic genetic network model (PGN) that recovers a network constructed from the recurrent application of feature selection algorithms guided by a conditional entropy based criterion function. Such criterion embeds error estimation by penalization of rarely observed patterns. Results from this model applied to synthetic and real data sets obtained from Plasmodium falciparum microarrays, a malaria agent, demonstrate the validity of this technique. This method was able to not only reproduce previously produced knowledge, but also to produce other potentially relevant results. The intrinsically multivariate prediction (IMP) phenomenon has been also investigated. This phenomenon is related to the fact of a feature set being a nice predictor of the objects in study, but all of its properly contained subsets cannot predict such objects satisfactorily. In this work, the conditions for the rising of this phenomenon were analitically obtained for sets of 2 and 3 features regarding a target variable. In the gene regulatory networks context, evidences have been achieved in which target genes of IMP sets possess a great potential to execute vital functions in biological systems. The phenomenon known as canalization is particularly important in this context. In melanoma microarray data, we verified that DUSP1 gene, known by having canalization function, was the one which composed the largest number of IMP gene sets. It was also verified that all these sets have canalizing predictive logics. Moreover, computational simulations for generation of networks with 3 or more genes show that the territory size of a target gene can contribute positively to its IMP score with regard to its predictors. This could be an evidence that confirms the hypothesis stating that target genes of IMP sets are inclined to control several metabolic pathways essential to the maintenance of the vital functions of an organism

Feature selection and intrinsically multivariate prediction in gene regulatory networks identification

Seleção de características é um tópico muito importante em aplicações de reconhecimento de padrões, especialmente em bioinformática, cujos problemas são geralmente tratados sobre um conjunto de dados envolvendo muitas variáveis e poucas observações. Este trabalho analisa aspectos de seleção de características no problema de identificação de redes de regulação gênica a partir de sinais de expressão gênica. Particularmente, propusemos um modelo de redes gênicas probabilísticas (PGN) que devolve uma rede construída a partir da aplicação recorrente de algoritmos de seleção de características orientados por uma função critério baseada em entropia condicional. Tal critério embute a estimação do erro por penalização de amostras raramente observadas. Resultados desse modelo aplicado a dados sintéticos e a conjuntos de dados de microarray de Plasmodium falciparum, um agente causador da malária, demonstram a validade dessa técnica, tendo sido capaz não apenas de reproduzir conhecimentos já produzidos anteriormente, como também de produzir novos resultados. Outro aspecto investigado nesta tese é o fenômeno da predição intrinsecamente multivariada (IMP), ou seja, o fato de um conjunto de características ser um ótimo caracterizador dos objetos em questão, mas qualquer de seus subconjuntos propriamente contidos não conseguirem representá-los de forma satisfatória. Neste trabalho, as condições para o surgimento desse fenômeno foram obtidas de forma analítica para conjuntos de 2 e 3 características em relação a uma variável alvo. No contexto de redes de regulação gênica, foram obtidas evidências de que genes alvo de conjuntos IMP possuem um enorme potencial para exercerem funções vitais em sistemas biológicos. O fenômeno conhecido como canalização é particularmente importante nesse contexto. Em dados de microarray de melanoma, constatamos que o gene DUSP1, conhecido por exercer função canalizadora, foi aquele que obteve o maior número de conjuntos de genes IMP, sendo que todos eles possuem lógicas de predição canalizadoras. Além disso, simulações computacionais para construção de redes com 3 ou mais genes mostram que o tamanho do território de um gene alvo pode ter um impacto positivo em seu teor de IMP com relação a seus preditores. Esta pode ser uma evidência que confirma a hipótese de que genes alvo de conjuntos IMP possuem a tendência de controlar diversas vias metabólicas cruciais para a manutenção das funções vitais de um organismo.Feature selection is a crucial topic in pattern recognition applications, especially in bioinformatics, where problems usually involve data with a large number of variables and small number of observations. The present work addresses feature selection aspects in the problem of gene regulatory network identification from expression profiles. Particularly, we proposed a probabilistic genetic network model (PGN) that recovers a network constructed from the recurrent application of feature selection algorithms guided by a conditional entropy based criterion function. Such criterion embeds error estimation by penalization of rarely observed patterns. Results from this model applied to synthetic and real data sets obtained from Plasmodium falciparum microarrays, a malaria agent, demonstrate the validity of this technique. This method was able to not only reproduce previously produced knowledge, but also to produce other potentially relevant results. The intrinsically multivariate prediction (IMP) phenomenon has been also investigated. This phenomenon is related to the fact of a feature set being a nice predictor of the objects in study, but all of its properly contained subsets cannot predict such objects satisfactorily. In this work, the conditions for the rising of this phenomenon were analitically obtained for sets of 2 and 3 features regarding a target variable. In the gene regulatory networks context, evidences have been achieved in which target genes of IMP sets possess a great potential to execute vital functions in biological systems. The phenomenon known as canalization is particularly important in this context. In melanoma microarray data, we verified that DUSP1 gene, known by having canalization function, was the one which composed the largest number of IMP gene sets. It was also verified that all these sets have canalizing predictive logics. Moreover, computational simulations for generation of networks with 3 or more genes show that the territory size of a target gene can contribute positively to its IMP score with regard to its predictors. This could be an evidence that confirms the hypothesis stating that target genes of IMP sets are inclined to control several metabolic pathways essential to the maintenance of the vital functions of an organism